Open Spaces: A place of challenge for people in search of identity and self-realization und Fahrenheit 451: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten

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==Utopian Novels - Anti-Utopias - Science Fiction==
* Niedersachsen, 2009: Unterrichtsaspekte: [[Open Spaces: A place of challenge for people in search of identity and self-realization|‘Open Spaces’: A place of challenge for people in search of identity and self-realization]] (extract from: Frederick Jackson Turner, ‘The Significance of the Frontier in American History’, key scenes from a road movie, e.g. ‘[[Easy Rider]]’)}}


{{Englisch|Dieser Text ist ein Gemeinschaftswerk aus dem Unterricht der Klasse 12a (Kurs auf erhöhtem Anforderungsniveau) des Werner-von-Siemens-Gymnasiums in [[Niedersachsen]] und entstand im Schuljahr 2007/2008.}}
===Utopia===
1. The word >utopia< is derived from the Greek and means  >no place< or >nowhere<


{{Kurzinfo-1|Unterricht}}
It was the title of a book written by THOMAS MORE (~1515), who eventually became Lord High Chancellor under Henry VIII (1529).
Later he was accused of high treason and decapitated in 1535.


==Myth of the American West==
The subject of all Utopias is society, and it contains two elements: the criticism of an actually existing society and a model of a new and better one.


===Explanation of the term===
Because Utopia is >nowhere< to be found, the authors of Utopias had to think of some tricks to deal with this paradox: Before the 19th century all Utopian societies were situated on far away islands which had not been discovered yet and whose position was kept a secret by those who had returned (to tell us about these fortunate but secret places). Later they were found on the moon or on other - hitherto untrodden - planets. These utopian societies were no future societies, they were described as already existing societies - but unfortunately situated in >nowhere-land<.


Open spaces, that is the topic of our group. You have to admit that it fits perfectly to the American West. When you think of the American West you think about wide open fields, abandoned landscapes, dry deserts and huge areas of forest.
Famous utopian novels:


This is something people in the East of the United States or in Europe don’t have. It is a totally different area with totally different attributes.
*Thomas Morus: Utopia (1515)
*Thomas Campanella: Civitas solis (1623)
*Francis Bacon: Nova Atlantis (1638)


Like always when people of one culture face a different world of which they have never heard before this brings up various stories and legends of that unknown area. The summation of them is what we call the “Myth of the American West”.
*William Morris: News from Nowhere (1891)


===Development of the myth===
Jonathan Swift`s: Gulliver`s Travels (1726) is a mixture of social satire and utopian novel: In the parts 1 to 3 societies of dwarfs, giants or crazy scientists are described, they are at war with other countries which makes Gulliver escape from their countries. Only the society of the Houyhnhnms /winimz/ can be called utopian.


The development of the myth is a typical one. The people lived in our occidental culture, in this case mainly in the East of the U.S. and in Europe. Densely built cities without any free space for the individual, so to say the total opposite of Open Spaces, this was their living space. After the first people began telling stories about the newly discovered West, people were fascinated by them.
It is noteworthy that these authors were no writers but high-ranking politicians (More) or clergymen (Campanella, Swift) or scientists (Bacon). There is no private property in these idealsocieties, therefore no greed and no crime etc.- but there may still be slaves (as in More`s >Utopia<) or some inferior creatures  such as the `Yahoos` in Swift`s society of the noble horses. These ''Yahoos'' are human beings, but morally and   physically they are more like monkeys and therefore inferior from a biological point of view, too (satire again!)
They heard stories of a free and self-determined life without the oppression of an industrial town in the 19th century. Thousands and even millions of acres of empty land, god-given and enough for every American – this was the guarantee of a free and carefree life.


But there was one problem. Only few of those people ever heard the real story about the American West. The stories which were told and readable in many books were hardly the reality. Early, almost right from the beginning of the inhabitation of the American West, several authors came up with the idea of putting their expressions into written stories. Of course they discovered that the reality of life there wouldn’t sell too good in the East. Nobody back in that time was interested in reading stories about people suffering in their new home. A harmonious life, a beautiful countryside, a life full with love and action, but of course not deadly for themselves, was what Americans in the East and Europeans wanted to read about. So it happened that authors soon began to change the reality a little bit. Readers at the East Coast and in Europe were fascinated by those stories which they accepted as true. For many of them this was the starting signal to move west. They just didn’t know better and were unaware of the truth.
Not to forget a German author:
*Johannes Gottfried Schnabel: Die Insel Felsenburg (1731 - 43)


===The myth itself===
===Anti-Utopian Novels===


Now let us see what was behind this myth which caused so many people to move westwards into these unknown regions.
In the 20th century a number of novels have been written describing societies which claim to be perfect. Because there aren`t any unknown islands left and the moon definitely uninhabited - these societies have to be situated not in space but in time: Either in the future (>1984<) or way back in the past (e.g. H.G.Well`s: Time Machine 1895). But these societies can hardly be called utopian, and these novels have therefore been classified as �-1Anti-Utopian Novels�-0. Their aims are to criticize existing societies by imagining what they will turn into if things continue as they are!


Everyone of us has at least once heard of this myth. Maybe you have read about it or seen something on TV. Of course, people back in that time – that means the 19th century – c had only the first of these two possibilities. As already mentioned in the part before they read in several novels about the myth of the American West and what they read seemed quite pleasant to them.
Famous (or interesting) novels of this kind:
In general the myth can be divided into three parts:
*Jack London: The Iron Heel (~1905)
*Yevgeny Zamyatin: We  (1920)
*Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932)
*George Orwell: Animal Farm (1944)and 1984 (1948)
*Ray Bradbury: The Martian Chronicles (1946) and Fahrenheit 451 (1951)


;The landscape
In these novels the future societies have more or less locigally developed out of present societies. Certain aspects and tendencies of comtemporary society are >extrapolated< and transferred to the new society; but now they have become the dominant factors! Which elements of modern society are considered responsible for the disaster?
Nearly every novel available in the East and in Europe described the American West as a beautiful area with wide open spaces. There are regions where you can stand at one point and look to the horizon and you would see nothing but flat countryside. Then again there are hilly regions with snowy mountains of an unimaginable height. Waterfalls and lakes with clear, blue water. Dry and hot deserts and cold and wet forests. A huge variety of different landscapes which had all one thing in common: There were so many of them and they were so big that you could easily loose the oversight. And that was the point for the designated settlers. Not only was there beautiful countryside but also there was so much of it that it would be enough for everyone.
: - men`s desire to possess and knowledge and power, which leads to some kind of dictatorship!
: - men`s unrestrained ambitions and lack of self-control
: - the simple-mindedness of the majority, their desire for being manipulated and tranquilized
: - the availability of scientific and technological means for all purposes - good and bad!
: - the complexity of technology and the difficulties of keeping it under control


;Life and fortune
===Science Fiction===
The second important part of the myth were the possibilities every single person had in the American West for life and for his personal fortune. Before the settlers began to move westwards of course they had a clear idea of what they would do there. Some planned to become breeders others to open a shop and of course there were the miners who came to profit from the Gold Rush at the West Coast. No matter what it was they all had one thing in common: their hope of a quick and unproblematic success and a wealthy life. They couldn’t know how hard it would be since they only knew about the West from their novels in whose content they believed. “Go there, take some acres of land, do whatever you feel like and get rich”, something like that was the message of the stories. Life in the West was always full of action. You could easily get into a shooting as everybody ran around with a gun or become the victim of a robbery. Of course there would never be any serious harm for oneself, so the myth told and at least you would be thankful for the experience. Possible problems were not mentioned in any of those novels they were just not part of the myth.


;Heroes of the American West
Here we have arrived at what is called >Science Fiction<. In the whole genre of Science Fiction we come across science and technology. Good SF - as I understand it - is an intellectual experiment dealing with the question >What would happen, if...<. And this is no doubt a question worth contemplating. But unlike in Utopian or Anti-Utopian novels the SF-author`s  ambition is not to device new societies, but to question man`s  attitude towards the machines he has invented. Furthermore the  aims of these inventions and the blessings of science in general  are questioned. And eventually the limitations of man`s power are exposed.
If there was one thing you could learn from those stories told about the West than it was that Cowboys were the absolute heroes there. In fact many people did not realize that the only job of a Cowboy was to watch for the cattle on the fields which was a bad-paid job by the way. No, they learned that Cowboys chased after feared gangsters and arrested them for no money of course, but only to serve the society. So, they had a very good reputation and were the most esteemed people in the western society. Then there was the sheriff, one in each town, the man of law, maybe the only permanent resident you could trust in. His job was to keep his town safe for its residents and to arrest criminals of course only if it hasn’t already be done by a Cowboy.


===Conclusion===
To give an example: In Mary Shelley`s >Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus< (1818) an ambitious and gifted scientist,  Dr.Frankenstein, is building and animating a human being, which is meant to be a perfect creature. But unfortunately the result is not perfect at all and instead of being loved it is loathed by everybody. Thus the end of the experiment is disastrous.


As a result it can be said that the myth made up very much out of nothing. Life wasn’t as easy and comfortable in reality and wealth was not guaranteed. Cowboys were not such big heroes like in the books and also the Sheriff was not always the trustworthiest person in a town. At least the landscape was nearly like described in the stories but it was not only fascinating but also very dangerous in some cases. However, people really believed in these stories they heard about or which they read in books. They did not have any choice since those stories where nearly the only source of information they could get about this unknown region.
The "modern Prometheus"  may technically be able to create human beings, but he lacks the intellectual and moral greatness for such skills. Therefore he  will necessarily become victim to these ambitions.... or - as it  is the case in other SF-novels - accept the limitations of his knowledge. This I think is the basic idea in Stanislaw Lem`s novels (e.g.>Solaris<). Or take Arthur C. Clarke`s >Space Odyssee 2001<, where the most advanced computer starts to develop his own ideas on what the spaceship`s mission is about. And the one surviving astronaut is reduced to a newborn child floating through the incomprehensible universe.


When we look at this myth from our perspective you can notice one thing: Although we should know better about it nowadays many of us still think of the American West mainly like described in the myth. TV shows, movies like Winnetou, comics like Lucky Luke still maintain the myth and keep it alive in our heads until today.
SF is good and worth while reading as long as its aim is to help us understand the dangers and risks of a society which is - more than ever - characterized by scienctific and technological  processes and mass movements. Thus the scholars of the 16th century could device utopian societies - no property, no religion, no kings - but they could not write SF!


==Movies about “open spaces“==
And the authors of the 19th century could write enthusiastic adventure stories on  moon-rockets, submarines and speed - like Jules Verne - but they could not write SF either! SF does not necessarily mean fantastic spaceships, ugly creatures from other planets or crazy scientists!


===Wide-Open-Spaces===
==Ray Bradbury ==
born in Waukegan, Illinois, on August 22, 1920
:and still alive in Los Angeles, with eight grandchildren and four cats


The young man Christopher Johnson McCandless has suicidal tendencies, so he goes west to find a new sense in his life. Finally he dies in the spring of 1992.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury Ray Bradbury - life and works] - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


In this movie the protagonist sees the “open spaces” as a place where he has a new chance to change his life, all his hopes are focused in the west. In many films the characters find what they are looking for, but in “wide-open-spaces” all the hopes were disappointed and the protagonist dies at the end of the film.
* [http://www.spaceagecity.com/bradbury/ Ray Bradbury] "This site provides information about one of America's greatest storytellers"


===[[Forrest Gump (Film)]]===
* [http://www.raybradbury.com/ www.raybradbury.com] - Books | About Ray Bradbury | Message Boards | Newsletter | At Home with Ray | In His Words


Young Forrest lives with his mother in a house in Greenbow, Alabama. He isn’t as intelligent as other children, that’s why he has got problems with the other children in his school and only Jenny decides to be Forrest’s friend.
==Fahrenheit 451 (1953)==
Synopsis and occasional summaries


He takes part in the Vietnam War and saves a lot of lives during an attack, so he gets a decoration and an invitation into the white house.
'''Part One: The Hearth and the Salamander'''
:<small>Page numbers refer to the Cornelsen edtion 1989</small>


Jenny and Forrest are still friends and after having spent a night together Jenny is pregnant but she doesn’t tell Forrest about this.
5  Famous first sentence: "It was a pleasure to burn ..."


When his mother dies he is very lonely and he decides to run through America, later on many people follow him because they hope to get a new sense in their lives by running with Forrest. After having run a lot of miles he is very tired and decides to stop and to go home, the people are really surprised about the fast ending.
6  Guy Montag, the main character, on his way home, meets a girl, his new neighbour, she`s 17 and a bit strange. She has such funny ideas about life. We learn about Montag, his strange profession and the world he lives in.


Years later, Jenny and Forrest meet again in Jenny’s own little apartment in Savannah. Now Jenny tells him about his son who has the name Forrest too. Jenny and her little son go with Forrest to live in his house. When Jenny dies, Forrest is very sad but he takes care of his son, the little Forrest.
12 M. enters his house, still puzzled by the girl, and finds his wife unconscious: she took an overdose of sleeping pills and M. has to call two men to reanimate her by applying machines - they do it in a business-like manner, they are used to these >suicides<.  


Typical for the “open spaces movies” is the search for a new reason to live, also in “Forrest Gump”. He runs west only because he doesn’t know what to do with himself. Maybe the west is a synonym for the possibility or liberty to go wherever you want to go.
19 Mildred doesn`t remember at all what had happened to her: she is addicted to her three-wall-TV (`the parlor`), from which people (`relatives`) talk to her and give her instructions etc.


===Dances with the Wolf===
22 another meeting with the mad girl Clarissa McLellan: she is a complete outsider in this society, regularly visiting a psychologist. Montag is puzzled: Who is this `uncle` of hers? How do they live? How do they spend their evenings?


The movie tells about the soldier Dunbar who took part in the American Civil War. After being injured and honored he decides to go west to continue doing his job. The place where he has to live and to work now is really desolate and he does his best to arrange the place. Later a wolf comes everyday and Dunbar is able to tame the wolf.
25 Back at work M. is worried by the behaviour of the >mechanical hound<, a dog-like machine which can be programmed on the >amino acids< of every living being. The machine is acting hostile and M. wonders if anyone had done anything to its programme.


After a long time he meets an Indian girl who belongs to the Lakota. Dunbar and the Indians are afraid because they don’t know each other but after a long time and many presents they begin to gain confidence.
29 He meets the girl again and the irritation continues


Dunbar goes west after having seen many terrible things in the American Civil War. For him the west is a place to forget all those terrible things that happened, also a new beginning for a new life.
32 The girl doesn't show up again and M. is worried. He misses her and his "routine has been disturbed"(33)


<pre>


In all these movies the protagonists are looking for a change in their lives. They could be successful but sometimes they can fail like our main character in “wide-open-spaces”.
|  THE SETTING:                                                        |
|  ------------                                                        |
| WHEN? In the 23rd century                                            |
| WHERE? In a future society                                            |
| WHO? Montag - a fireman (30) whose job it is to burn books            |
|    Beatty - the captain of the fire brigade                          |
|    Clarissa Mclellan - an excentric young girl (romantic & unsocial)  |
|    Mildred - Montag`s wife: addicted to three-dimensional TV          |
|              having just tried to commit suicide                      |
|    The Mechanial Hound - a dog-shaped killing machine able to trace  |
|                      its victims by sensing their biogenetic code    |
| ATMOSPHERE?                                                          |


</pre>


==The new meaning of frontier==
36 Alarm at the firehouse and the brigade is in action: In some of these old houses books are suspected and they are off to burn them: But something`s different today - the owner of the house, an old lady is still there, she has not been transported by the police in order to be out of the way when the firemen come. Her presence confuses the firemen: She is not willing to leave the place and eventually sets fire to the house, the books and herself.The firemen are depressed, most of all M.


The United States can be seen as a country always on the move from a shabby today, which many consider a betrayal of the Founding Father’s designs and lofty hope, to a radiant tomorrow. It has been compared to a man on a bicycle who falls if he stops pedaling an moving ahead. (1983, New York)
41 He comes home - a book hidden under his overall. He contemplates his relationsship towards his wife, their unability to communicate, Mildred`s empty life etc. He`s married to a stranger.
(additional material „[[Moon Palace]]“ )


An example, illustrating this constant development of the U.S.A., is the westward movement, also known as "going-west-act". Back in this period, people from everywhere in the world came to America to explore the unknown areas of the continent. Their recipe of success was the ambition to find their luck in the west, which implied that they never stopped moving until they found a place to settle down and start a new individual life. In the future there will be much more space to move to, maybe even other planets.
48 Chills and fever in the morning, he doesn`t go to work. His wife doesn`t understand the horror of yesterday`s experience, the burning woman, the fascination of books


==The Moon as a new place to live==
52 Captain Beatty is visiting him: He has an understanding for the crisis his man is in and he gives him a `lecture` on the history and the importance of the firemen. It is also a history of mankind`s intellectual decay - people want to gain their peace of mind and don`t want to be troubled and bothered with the manifold and conflicting opinions of all those who believe they know better. All these minorities, all these quarrels, all these uncertainties - they cause unrest and hostilities, but people want to be entertained and not worried. Thus, burn the books! But Montag has a book hidden under his pillow and while Beatty is talking, his wife finds it - stunned with surprise and horror. When Beatty is gone, Montag reveals his secret: He has gathered about 20 books and is now going to read them to found out about that. The first sentence that reads is from Swift`s Guliver.


The maybe biggest “open space” which is reachable for the humans is the moon. The "moon" is a leitmotif, constantly emerging in the novel.
<pre>
'''SHORT CULTURAL HISTORY OF MANKIND - according ot Captain Beatty


[[Paul Auster]] in an interview about moon palace, where he compares the moon with the happenings of the book and the topics the book is about.
19th century: culture (=books) for only few people who could
              afford to be different
              "the world was roomy", everything was "slow motion"


“The moon is many things all at once, a touchstone. It’s the moon as myth, as ‘radiant Diana, image of all that is dark within us’; the imagination, love, madness. At the same time, it’s the moon as object, as celestial body, as lifeless stone hovering in the sky. But it’s also the longing for what is not, the unattainable, the human desire for transcendence. And yet it’s history as well, particularly American history. First, there’s Columbus, then there was the discovery of the west, then finally there is outer space: the moon as the last frontier. But Columbus had no idea that he’d discovered America. He thought he had sailed to India, to China. In some sense Moon Palace is the embodiment of that misconception, an attempt to think of America as China. But the moon is also repetition, the cyclical nature of human experience. There are three stories in the book, and each one is finally the same. Each generation repeats the mistakes of the previous generation. So it’s also a critique of the notion of progress.”
20th century: "Things (= TV, radio, movies) began to have mass"
New York City/ ‘The Big Apple’: A place of fulfillment and failure
              "The world got full of eyes and elbows and mouths"
              "Speed up the cameras"


==Definitions==
21th century:
;failure
      etc      1. books cut shorter, classics reduced to the
:lack of success in doing or achieving somethingà Opposite of success
                  punch line
:somebody or something that is not successful for example:
              2. school is shortened (no philosophy, no histories
                  no languages)
              3. skills (=pressing a button) instead of knowledge
                  Knowhow instead of know why
              4. entertainment instead of information (sports etc)
              5. uniformity instead of diversity (people dislike
                  everything unfamiliar or intellectual)
              6. Keep the minorities down


:“The whole thing was a failure.”


;to fulfil (fulfilled, fulfilling):
                  Therefore: BURN THE BOOKS!  HAIL TO THE FIREMAN -
:1 achieve or realize (something desired, promised, or predicted).
                        "the custodian of our peace of mind"(p58)
:2 satisfy or meet (a requirement or condition).
</pre>
:3 (fulfil oneself) gain happiness or satisfaction by fully achieving one’s potential.


;fulfilment:
'''Part Two: The Sieve and the Sand'''
:the fulfilment of dreams/desires/hopes to find emotional/personal fulfilment


;Salad Bowl:
68  Montag starts reading like in a fever (outside the house he senses the sniff of an electric dog) - here are the books, but where to find a teacher? Montag remembers an old man he met a year ago, a former English professor who was memorizing poetry, his name was FABER. He has kept his address and drives to his house, reading the bible in the subway.
:The term “Salad Bowl” is a cultural idea. It contents the immigration of many different cultures to the USA mixed like the ingredients of a salad. It’s not a homogeneous culture, for example the salad does not take the traits of a tomato. In Canada they call this system “cultural mosaic” and it stands for multiculturalism.


;Melting Pot:
78  This is Faber`s message: Books aren`t the most important things in life but they contain three things which can enhance life:
:The idea of the melting pot is a metaphor for homogeneous societies. It means that the ingredients (people of different races, cultures, etc.) are combined.
:1. Quality: Books show the pores in the face of life, not the poreless wax faces.
:The cultures “melt” together without staying individual.
:2. Leisure: you can shut a book and contemplate its contents, you can criticize and object to it.
:3. Action: the right to act according to what you have gained.


:{|
Montag has an `insidious` plan: plant books in the firehouses and have them burnt one by one. But to Faber that would just be `nibbling the edges`. He recommends patience, the system will destroy itself, it will be a victim of his wars. Faber has deviced a little instrument which to put into one`s ear: Thus you can monitor and communicate at the same time, with Faber being the head quarter (The Queen Bee and the drones). This will help M. when he has to face the Captain.
|White people||44.66 %
|-
|Latin-American people||26,98%
|-
|Afro-Americans||26.59%
|-
|Asian people||9.83%
|-
|Indian people||0.52%
|-
|People from the pacific islands||0.07%
|}
   
:35.9% of the Americans are born in foreign countries and not in the USA.
:New York City has got the biggest Jewish community (972.000) of the USA.


==History==
89  The war is getting ready that night - propaganda everywhere - while M. is on his way home. Faber is reading the Book of Job.
*The island of Manhattan was discovered by Giovanni da Verranzano in 1524
*Native Indians called the island “Mana-hatta” or “Manathin”
*Broadway was an important channel of trade for the native citizens
*Henry Hudson, by order of the Dutch West India Company (WIC), recognized the good trading conditions of that region in 1609; first settlers reached the new area in 1613
*The Dutch West India Company acquired the rights to trade for the whole territory in 1621
*Allegedly, the Indians sold their Island for no less than some pearls and some drossy stuff to the Europeans
*Great Britain started to get interested in the colony, because it increased very fast, and conquered the island in 1664
*10 years later (1674) they changed its name to New York


==Fulfilment==
91 Eating supper at home M. switches the parlor off and initiates a conversation with Mildred's friends: About the war ("always someone else`s husband dies"), about having or not having any children, about the last election - it infuriates M. so much that he frightens them out of their wits by showing a book of poetry. But that was a stupid thing to do (Faber!), so he has to turn it into a joke (once a year a fireman is allowed to ...) and starts reciting >Dover Beach< (W.Wordsworth) which moves one of the ladies to tears. Nevertheless - he has made a fool of himself.
* Between 1894 to 1954 about 17 million immigrants moved from Europe to New York and reached Ellis Island in order to start a new life and to search a new identity
* “Melting Pot” was a synonym for New York because people who were scattered all around the world came together and built a new “race of men”, who called themselves Americans. Thus the Big Apple grew up to the centre of economy because its population increased steadily from 3.5 million to 5 million citizens within 15 years of development.
* The skyscrapers seem to be a symbol of New York’s fulfilment because they were constructed due to the shortage of space, which was a result of its evolution
* The statue of liberty pictures another symbol of fulfilment because it actually was a present from France for 100 years independence of America
* The parade in honour of Neil Armstrong after he managed an expansion to the moon was set in New York. Thus the city was also a place of technical fulfilment


==Failure==
100 On his way to the Captain M. and F. talk things over.
* Many immigrants, who renounced every part of their property, were sent back to Europe after they had arrived in Ellis Island to start a new life and now were marred
* There was a major blackout in New York in 1965 which held on about 29 hours and had the consequence of huge deficit (1.05 billion dollars)
* New York was forced to adjudge its bankrupt in 1975, because the city was in debt about 3.3 billion dollars
* New York was the centre of economy and on the 24th October of 1929 the Big Apples’ stock exchange broke almost down completely. This date applies as the initial point of the global economic crisis and is called “Black Thursday”
* The terrorist attack on the 11th September of 2001 on the World Trade Centre, where about 2.800 people died


==China Town in New York==
102 He hands the book over to Beatty and is welcomed back ("the sheep returns to the fold")- but B. is trying to provoke and confuse M. while Faber is working hard to keep Montag from reacting - eventually the alarm bell rings, they drive off until they stop in front of Montag`s house.
There are many China Towns in different cities of the world but the biggest of these is located on the lower East-Side of Manhattan in New York City. About 70,000 to 150,000 Chinese people are living in this borough since the immigration to the United States of America begun. During the years this neighbourhood also became the preferred living area of Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Burmese, Vietnamese and Filipinos.


This begun between 1840 to 1850. During these years many people were lured to the Pacific coast by the myth of the Gold Rush and these people were not only Americans. People in foreign countries of the world heard about this and decided to travel to California and the West of the USA to try to find some gold and became wealthy. This was the main reason for Chinese people, too. Most of them did not find gold but they got labour in railroad companies which built the Central Pacific Railroad at this time. Their new ambition was earning as much money as possible and moving back to China, building a small house and marrying. But their plans changed and most of them stayed in the USA and spread out across the whole United States. During the immigration through Ellis Island, New York, many Chinese passed this island and stayed in New York where the China Town borough grew bigger and bigger.
Today everywhere in the United States culture you can see the influence of the immigrants. You can find restaurants, schools, artists, stores and people of every culture of the world in New York.
One place with a big Asian influence is the Columbus Park, the largest park of China Town built in 1890. If you take a walk there in the early morning you would see many people who are practising tai chi or yoga. This park also gives place to many Chinese festivals and other events.


Another example for the mix of the cultures is that the oldest Catholic church of New York, the Church of Transfiguration, became the home of the Catholic Chinese community, which is still growing because the different cultures are mixing themselves.
'''Part Three: Burning Bright'''


But the main example for the integration of the Chinese culture is that they built the Mahayana Buddhist Temple in New York. In this temple you can see a 16 feet golden Buddha statue. You can find sculptures like this just in cities that totally accepted the religion and the culture as it happened in New York many decades before.
108 Montag sees his wife leaving the house in haste carrying her belongings in suitcase. She doesn`t respond to him. Beatty`s dark sarcasm is spilling over and M. hears Faber`s voice in his ear. M. is given the flame-thrower to do the job himself, and he destroys his house - the parlor - with some satisfaction.


==Ellis Island==
112 But then he loses his earphone and Beatty opicks it up. Montag seems lost now, but he`s acting quickly: With the flame-thrower he burns the captain to char-coal and the Mechanical Hound, too. But his leg is stung by the dog. He stumbles along the alley.
Ellis Island is an island, located at New York Harbor. The northern part of the Island belongs to the state of New York, the southern part to New Jersey. It was sold by Samuel Ellis and was originally named Oyster Island. It was used by the government as a point of reference for immigrants who entered the United States.


Today it houses a museum, which you can reach by ferry or by bridge that connects the island with Liberty State Park in New Jersey. There was a wall of honor erected outside next to the main building, which functions as the museum now. This wall honors every immigrant in a time span of about 400 years, that ever reached the USA by entering at the east coast, not only through the Ellis Island facilities.
116 He limps back to the burned ruins to rescue a few books and on again with this aching leg. He suddenly realizes that Beatty must have wanted to die. In his pocket he finds the seashell-radio and hears the police warnings. He is heading towards Faber`s house, two dozens of helicopters swarming like butterflies in the air.


Ellis Island was used as the main facility for entry from January 1, 1892 till December 12, 1945. Approximately 12 million people immigrated to the US during this time.
119 "War has been declared..."


The First person to come to New York and pass through Ellis Island was 15-year-old Annie Moore from Ireland. As a price she was given a gold piece, worth $ 10,000. The last person who is recorded was the Norwegian merchant seaman Arne Peterssen.
123 He plants his books in the house of his coleague-fireman Black and informs the fire brigade
124 He arrives at Faber`s house: Faber advises him to look for one of the still existing hobo camps beyond the rusting railway tracks. On TV they watch the hunt as it is broadcast in full length. A new Mechanical Hound is sent on M.s trails. Wouldn`t he make a good TV appearance?


Ellis Island had to only be passed through by third class immigrants, first and second class people were granted immediate entry and had to only pass a short physical at the ship they came in. About 70% of all immigrants who entered the US from 1892 till 1945 were third class passengers. They had to pass a medical examination and in addition to that were asked questions about themselves and their reason for coming. Those who had visible health problems, diseases or mental disabilities were held at the hospital or sent back. About 2% of those who came to Ellis Island were sent back. Because of this the island was also known as “The Island of Tears” or “Heartbreak Island”.
130 They say good-bye and he`s on the run again. It`s a race against the Hound, the TV and the million of watchers who are told now to  watch out for him. But he reaches the river, changes his clothes  for Faber`s and starts swimming. He floats upon the river into another world, meditating the new experience. He steps into the vast darkness, sensing a pair of eyes which disappear again - the Hound?


Following, there is an example of success in New York by people immigrating through the Ellis Island facilities.
139 He walks on until he sees the fire ahead with five old men sitting by and talking - they welcome him and know his name. They watch the chase on a portable TV, it is still on, and they see an innocent person caught and killed - the show is perfect, suspense, long shot, the camera falling on the victim, shouting, snap-ending, blackout - silence. The old men are "old Harvard degrees" who all represent the book they know by heart - the classics of world literature. They too are living without books, they are the books. They are parts of a loose organisation - a quiet conspiracy - waiting for the end of the war and for the times their knowledge will be needed again.


==A story about Seymour Rechtzeit==
151  Next morning the war starts and is over in a few seconds. The city is destroyed by bombers. They lie on the ground, covered with dust and earth - and after a while they recover and start their daily routine of making fire and getting food ready. The symbol of the Phoenix is conjured up - and as they walk towards the destroyed city, Montag remembers the Book of Revelation.
Seymour Rechtzeit was a Jewish boy born in Poland in 1912. He started singing at four years of age and was known as the Wonder Child. Because of this his family decided to bring him to America. His uncle, who lived in America, sent two tickets for Seymour and his father. The plan was that the father should make money to bring the rest of the family to the USA. In 1920 they started the journey to America and were for two weeks on a ship. To be allowed to enter the country, immigrants had to pass a medical examination at Ellis Island and answer questions like “What are your plans in America?” Because Seymour had a cold he couldn’t enter and had to stay at Ellis Island. After the cold went away he was able to leave and stay with his uncle und father. He was sent to school there and he started singing in concerts and making money to help the rest of his family. Seymour became a child star of vaudeville (a kind of entertainment in which actors sing and tell stories) and was very popular. In 1924 he had enough money to bring his mother and sister to America, but not as many immigrants were allowed to enter. A congressman arranged him to sing in Washington D.C. for leaders at the capitol. The politicians liked him and gave him an invitation to sing for the president, Calvin Coolidge, in the White House. The president wanted to meet Seymour and help to bring his family to the USA. Years later he became a star of a Yiddish Theater. Then he went back to Europe, traveling as an actor, but he never returned to Poland.


This story about the little boy who travels just with his father to America is a good example for success. First he got money to help his family come to America and then he became a successful singer and actor in America and later in Europe.
==For further reading==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_451_%281966_film%29 In 1966 ''Fahrenheit 451'' - the film] - was released: written and directed by François Truffaut and starring Oskar Werner and Julie Christie.


==Fulfillment and failure in the novel ‘[[Moon Palace]]’ by [[Paul Auster]]==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11 Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11]
===Fulfillment===
:"a controversial, award-winning documentary film by American filmmaker Michael Moore that presents a critical look at the presidency of George W. Bush, the "War on Terrorism", and its coverage in the American news media. The film holds the record for highest box office receipts by a general release documentary." (quoted from en.wikipedia.org)
The first person we have a look at is Marco Stanly Fogg. After his difficult start in New York (which we will elaborate on later), he finds Central Park as a place to think about things which happened, which also offers him kind of openness and freedom from social control and psychological pressures. Whereas he doesn’t feel well but foreign in the city, Central Park gives him privacy. Central Park is also a kind of training for going West in the end of the novel.
:It was reported that Bradbury was extremely upset with filmmaker Michael Moore for using this title.


Besides, Marco gets to know some very kind people while living in New York. He meets Zimmer, who has always been a good friend of his and Marco can always rely on him. This becomes especially clear when Zimmer pays food and the rent for the apartment for Marco, who has serious financial problems at that time. The second person he can always trust is Kitty Wu. After she rescues him from death in Central Park, she is the one who changes his life into a better one. She makes him feel happy and self-confident and she helps him to solve his conflicts with Effing. Later Marco lives happily with Kitty Wu in China Town, so you could say that he finds his big love in New York. An aspect underlining this assumption is that Marco himself says that he had the best time of his life when being with Kitty in New York. So the second person, who makes the experience of fulfillment in New York, is Kitty Wu. Once she had emigrated from Asia to New York to get a better school education, she is offered everything a young girl needs, e.g. she is given the chance to go to ballet lessons.
== See also ==
Other persons whose lives improve in New York are Solomon Barber and his long lost father Thomas Effing. After a lot of difficulties Thomas Effing finds his final place to live in New York. With the help of his housekeeper and nurse, Mrs Hume, he enjoys his life and the given silence. While searching for somebody to entertain him, he finds his grandson, Marco Stanley Fogg, in the person he engages. Solomon Barber also meets Marco in New York and he soon realizes that this boy is his son. Apart from that, Marco is the only person who wants to help Solomon to fulfill his dream - to search for Effing’s cave in the desert.
* [[Utopie]] (in German)


===Failure===
[[Kategorie:Werk (Englisch)]]
Also in this subject Marco is the first person we want to have a look at. When he comes to New York to go to Columbia University, his Uncle, who always took care of him, dies in a traffic accident. So he is alone and has to do all the things on his own. That’s why he soon gets financial problems and he has to leave the rented apartment and in the end he even doesn’t have enough money to buy some food. So he decides to live in Central Park. Even though he has the time to think about the death of his uncle and his mind becomes clear, he gets to know what homelessness and violence mean. His physical condition becomes worse and worse, he loses weight and later he is even close to death. Marco doesn’t feel well in the city and lives just temporarily in different apartments, which are barely furnished. One big reason for his bad condition is that he thinks that people are staring at him, especially in the time when he is homeless. All in all Marco doesn’t find his fulfilment in New York City, otherwise he wouldn’t have gone away to search for his real identity in the desert.
 
The relationship between Marco and Kitty Wu goes well at first until Kitty gets pregnant. Whereas he is of the opinion that having a baby would get him out of the long-lost-father-vicious circle, Kitty Wu thinks that she is too young for having a child and she decides to abort the pregnancy. The result is a shocked and lonely-feeling Marco who isn’t attracted by anything in the city and follows Solomon’s plan to search for Effing’s cave in the desert.
 
==Siehe auch==
 
* [[Forrest Gump (Film)]]
* [[Paul Auster]], [[Moon Palace]]
 
 
[[Kategorie:Abitur im Fach Englisch|Open Spaces]]
[[Kategorie:USA|Open Spaces]]

Version vom 20. November 2007, 20:11 Uhr

Utopian Novels - Anti-Utopias - Science Fiction

Utopia

1. The word >utopia< is derived from the Greek and means >no place< or >nowhere<

It was the title of a book written by THOMAS MORE (~1515), who eventually became Lord High Chancellor under Henry VIII (1529). Later he was accused of high treason and decapitated in 1535.

The subject of all Utopias is society, and it contains two elements: the criticism of an actually existing society and a model of a new and better one.

Because Utopia is >nowhere< to be found, the authors of Utopias had to think of some tricks to deal with this paradox: Before the 19th century all Utopian societies were situated on far away islands which had not been discovered yet and whose position was kept a secret by those who had returned (to tell us about these fortunate but secret places). Later they were found on the moon or on other - hitherto untrodden - planets. These utopian societies were no future societies, they were described as already existing societies - but unfortunately situated in >nowhere-land<.

Famous utopian novels:

  • Thomas Morus: Utopia (1515)
  • Thomas Campanella: Civitas solis (1623)
  • Francis Bacon: Nova Atlantis (1638)
  • William Morris: News from Nowhere (1891)

Jonathan Swift`s: Gulliver`s Travels (1726) is a mixture of social satire and utopian novel: In the parts 1 to 3 societies of dwarfs, giants or crazy scientists are described, they are at war with other countries which makes Gulliver escape from their countries. Only the society of the Houyhnhnms /winimz/ can be called utopian.

It is noteworthy that these authors were no writers but high-ranking politicians (More) or clergymen (Campanella, Swift) or scientists (Bacon). There is no private property in these idealsocieties, therefore no greed and no crime etc.- but there may still be slaves (as in More`s >Utopia<) or some inferior creatures such as the `Yahoos` in Swift`s society of the noble horses. These Yahoos are human beings, but morally and physically they are more like monkeys and therefore inferior from a biological point of view, too (satire again!)

Not to forget a German author:

  • Johannes Gottfried Schnabel: Die Insel Felsenburg (1731 - 43)

Anti-Utopian Novels

In the 20th century a number of novels have been written describing societies which claim to be perfect. Because there aren`t any unknown islands left and the moon definitely uninhabited - these societies have to be situated not in space but in time: Either in the future (>1984<) or way back in the past (e.g. H.G.Well`s: Time Machine 1895). But these societies can hardly be called utopian, and these novels have therefore been classified as �-1Anti-Utopian Novels�-0. Their aims are to criticize existing societies by imagining what they will turn into if things continue as they are!

Famous (or interesting) novels of this kind:

  • Jack London: The Iron Heel (~1905)
  • Yevgeny Zamyatin: We (1920)
  • Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932)
  • George Orwell: Animal Farm (1944)and 1984 (1948)
  • Ray Bradbury: The Martian Chronicles (1946) and Fahrenheit 451 (1951)

In these novels the future societies have more or less locigally developed out of present societies. Certain aspects and tendencies of comtemporary society are >extrapolated< and transferred to the new society; but now they have become the dominant factors! Which elements of modern society are considered responsible for the disaster?

- men`s desire to possess and knowledge and power, which leads to some kind of dictatorship!
- men`s unrestrained ambitions and lack of self-control
- the simple-mindedness of the majority, their desire for being manipulated and tranquilized
- the availability of scientific and technological means for all purposes - good and bad!
- the complexity of technology and the difficulties of keeping it under control

Science Fiction

Here we have arrived at what is called >Science Fiction<. In the whole genre of Science Fiction we come across science and technology. Good SF - as I understand it - is an intellectual experiment dealing with the question >What would happen, if...<. And this is no doubt a question worth contemplating. But unlike in Utopian or Anti-Utopian novels the SF-author`s ambition is not to device new societies, but to question man`s attitude towards the machines he has invented. Furthermore the aims of these inventions and the blessings of science in general are questioned. And eventually the limitations of man`s power are exposed.

To give an example: In Mary Shelley`s >Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus< (1818) an ambitious and gifted scientist, Dr.Frankenstein, is building and animating a human being, which is meant to be a perfect creature. But unfortunately the result is not perfect at all and instead of being loved it is loathed by everybody. Thus the end of the experiment is disastrous.

The "modern Prometheus" may technically be able to create human beings, but he lacks the intellectual and moral greatness for such skills. Therefore he will necessarily become victim to these ambitions.... or - as it is the case in other SF-novels - accept the limitations of his knowledge. This I think is the basic idea in Stanislaw Lem`s novels (e.g.>Solaris<). Or take Arthur C. Clarke`s >Space Odyssee 2001<, where the most advanced computer starts to develop his own ideas on what the spaceship`s mission is about. And the one surviving astronaut is reduced to a newborn child floating through the incomprehensible universe.

SF is good and worth while reading as long as its aim is to help us understand the dangers and risks of a society which is - more than ever - characterized by scienctific and technological processes and mass movements. Thus the scholars of the 16th century could device utopian societies - no property, no religion, no kings - but they could not write SF!

And the authors of the 19th century could write enthusiastic adventure stories on moon-rockets, submarines and speed - like Jules Verne - but they could not write SF either! SF does not necessarily mean fantastic spaceships, ugly creatures from other planets or crazy scientists!

Ray Bradbury

born in Waukegan, Illinois, on August 22, 1920

and still alive in Los Angeles, with eight grandchildren and four cats
  • Ray Bradbury "This site provides information about one of America's greatest storytellers"
  • www.raybradbury.com - Books | About Ray Bradbury | Message Boards | Newsletter | At Home with Ray | In His Words

Fahrenheit 451 (1953)

Synopsis and occasional summaries

Part One: The Hearth and the Salamander

Page numbers refer to the Cornelsen edtion 1989

5 Famous first sentence: "It was a pleasure to burn ..."

6 Guy Montag, the main character, on his way home, meets a girl, his new neighbour, she`s 17 and a bit strange. She has such funny ideas about life. We learn about Montag, his strange profession and the world he lives in.

12 M. enters his house, still puzzled by the girl, and finds his wife unconscious: she took an overdose of sleeping pills and M. has to call two men to reanimate her by applying machines - they do it in a business-like manner, they are used to these >suicides<.

19 Mildred doesn`t remember at all what had happened to her: she is addicted to her three-wall-TV (`the parlor`), from which people (`relatives`) talk to her and give her instructions etc.

22 another meeting with the mad girl Clarissa McLellan: she is a complete outsider in this society, regularly visiting a psychologist. Montag is puzzled: Who is this `uncle` of hers? How do they live? How do they spend their evenings?

25 Back at work M. is worried by the behaviour of the >mechanical hound<, a dog-like machine which can be programmed on the >amino acids< of every living being. The machine is acting hostile and M. wonders if anyone had done anything to its programme.

29 He meets the girl again and the irritation continues

32 The girl doesn't show up again and M. is worried. He misses her and his "routine has been disturbed"(33) 


|   THE SETTING:                                                        |
|   ------------                                                        |
| WHEN? In the 23rd century                                             |
| WHERE? In a future society                                            |
| WHO? Montag - a fireman (30) whose job it is to burn books            |
|    Beatty - the captain of the fire brigade                           |
|    Clarissa Mclellan - an excentric young girl (romantic & unsocial)  |
|    Mildred - Montag`s wife: addicted to three-dimensional TV          |
|              having just tried to commit suicide                      |
|    The Mechanial Hound - a dog-shaped killing machine able to trace   |
|                       its victims by sensing their biogenetic code    |
| ATMOSPHERE?                                                           |

36 Alarm at the firehouse and the brigade is in action: In some of these old houses books are suspected and they are off to burn them: But something`s different today - the owner of the house, an old lady is still there, she has not been transported by the police in order to be out of the way when the firemen come. Her presence confuses the firemen: She is not willing to leave the place and eventually sets fire to the house, the books and herself.The firemen are depressed, most of all M.

41 He comes home - a book hidden under his overall. He contemplates his relationsship towards his wife, their unability to communicate, Mildred`s empty life etc. He`s married to a stranger.

48 Chills and fever in the morning, he doesn`t go to work. His wife doesn`t understand the horror of yesterday`s experience, the burning woman, the fascination of books

52 Captain Beatty is visiting him: He has an understanding for the crisis his man is in and he gives him a `lecture` on the history and the importance of the firemen. It is also a history of mankind`s intellectual decay - people want to gain their peace of mind and don`t want to be troubled and bothered with the manifold and conflicting opinions of all those who believe they know better. All these minorities, all these quarrels, all these uncertainties - they cause unrest and hostilities, but people want to be entertained and not worried. Thus, burn the books! But Montag has a book hidden under his pillow and while Beatty is talking, his wife finds it - stunned with surprise and horror. When Beatty is gone, Montag reveals his secret: He has gathered about 20 books and is now going to read them to found out about that. The first sentence that reads is from Swift`s Guliver. 

'''SHORT CULTURAL HISTORY OF MANKIND - according ot Captain Beatty

19th century: culture (=books) for only few people who could
               afford to be different
               "the world was roomy", everything was "slow motion"

20th century: "Things (= TV, radio, movies) began to have mass"
               "The world got full of eyes and elbows and mouths"
               "Speed up the cameras"

21th century:
      etc      1. books cut shorter, classics reduced to the
                  punch line
               2. school is shortened (no philosophy, no histories
                  no languages)
               3. skills (=pressing a button) instead of knowledge
                  Knowhow instead of know why
               4. entertainment instead of information (sports etc)
               5. uniformity instead of diversity (people dislike
                  everything unfamiliar or intellectual)
               6. Keep the minorities down


                  Therefore: BURN THE BOOKS!  HAIL TO THE FIREMAN -
                         "the custodian of our peace of mind"(p58)

Part Two: The Sieve and the Sand

68 Montag starts reading like in a fever (outside the house he senses the sniff of an electric dog) - here are the books, but where to find a teacher? Montag remembers an old man he met a year ago, a former English professor who was memorizing poetry, his name was FABER. He has kept his address and drives to his house, reading the bible in the subway.

78 This is Faber`s message: Books aren`t the most important things in life but they contain three things which can enhance life:

1. Quality: Books show the pores in the face of life, not the poreless wax faces.
2. Leisure: you can shut a book and contemplate its contents, you can criticize and object to it.
3. Action: the right to act according to what you have gained.

Montag has an `insidious` plan: plant books in the firehouses and have them burnt one by one. But to Faber that would just be `nibbling the edges`. He recommends patience, the system will destroy itself, it will be a victim of his wars. Faber has deviced a little instrument which to put into one`s ear: Thus you can monitor and communicate at the same time, with Faber being the head quarter (The Queen Bee and the drones). This will help M. when he has to face the Captain.

89 The war is getting ready that night - propaganda everywhere - while M. is on his way home. Faber is reading the Book of Job.

91 Eating supper at home M. switches the parlor off and initiates a conversation with Mildred's friends: About the war ("always someone else`s husband dies"), about having or not having any children, about the last election - it infuriates M. so much that he frightens them out of their wits by showing a book of poetry. But that was a stupid thing to do (Faber!), so he has to turn it into a joke (once a year a fireman is allowed to ...) and starts reciting >Dover Beach< (W.Wordsworth) which moves one of the ladies to tears. Nevertheless - he has made a fool of himself.

100 On his way to the Captain M. and F. talk things over.

102 He hands the book over to Beatty and is welcomed back ("the sheep returns to the fold")- but B. is trying to provoke and confuse M. while Faber is working hard to keep Montag from reacting - eventually the alarm bell rings, they drive off until they stop in front of Montag`s house.


Part Three: Burning Bright

108 Montag sees his wife leaving the house in haste carrying her belongings in suitcase. She doesn`t respond to him. Beatty`s dark sarcasm is spilling over and M. hears Faber`s voice in his ear. M. is given the flame-thrower to do the job himself, and he destroys his house - the parlor - with some satisfaction.

112 But then he loses his earphone and Beatty opicks it up. Montag seems lost now, but he`s acting quickly: With the flame-thrower he burns the captain to char-coal and the Mechanical Hound, too. But his leg is stung by the dog. He stumbles along the alley.

116 He limps back to the burned ruins to rescue a few books and on again with this aching leg. He suddenly realizes that Beatty must have wanted to die. In his pocket he finds the seashell-radio and hears the police warnings. He is heading towards Faber`s house, two dozens of helicopters swarming like butterflies in the air.

119 "War has been declared..."

123 He plants his books in the house of his coleague-fireman Black and informs the fire brigade 124 He arrives at Faber`s house: Faber advises him to look for one of the still existing hobo camps beyond the rusting railway tracks. On TV they watch the hunt as it is broadcast in full length. A new Mechanical Hound is sent on M.s trails. Wouldn`t he make a good TV appearance?

130 They say good-bye and he`s on the run again. It`s a race against the Hound, the TV and the million of watchers who are told now to watch out for him. But he reaches the river, changes his clothes for Faber`s and starts swimming. He floats upon the river into another world, meditating the new experience. He steps into the vast darkness, sensing a pair of eyes which disappear again - the Hound?

139 He walks on until he sees the fire ahead with five old men sitting by and talking - they welcome him and know his name. They watch the chase on a portable TV, it is still on, and they see an innocent person caught and killed - the show is perfect, suspense, long shot, the camera falling on the victim, shouting, snap-ending, blackout - silence. The old men are "old Harvard degrees" who all represent the book they know by heart - the classics of world literature. They too are living without books, they are the books. They are parts of a loose organisation - a quiet conspiracy - waiting for the end of the war and for the times their knowledge will be needed again.

151 Next morning the war starts and is over in a few seconds. The city is destroyed by bombers. They lie on the ground, covered with dust and earth - and after a while they recover and start their daily routine of making fire and getting food ready. The symbol of the Phoenix is conjured up - and as they walk towards the destroyed city, Montag remembers the Book of Revelation.

For further reading

"a controversial, award-winning documentary film by American filmmaker Michael Moore that presents a critical look at the presidency of George W. Bush, the "War on Terrorism", and its coverage in the American news media. The film holds the record for highest box office receipts by a general release documentary." (quoted from en.wikipedia.org)
It was reported that Bradbury was extremely upset with filmmaker Michael Moore for using this title.

See also

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